Para pengulas berpendapat kenaikan harga sepanjang tempoh ini disebabkan pelbagai faktor, termasuk laporan dari Jabatan Tenaga Amerika Syarikat dan pihak-pihak lain yang menunjukkan penurunan dalam rizab petroleum,[14] kebimbangan akan kemuncak penggunaan minyak,[15] pergolakan di Timur Tengah, dan spekulasi harga minyak.[16] Sesetengah peristiwa turut menyumbangkan kesan jangka pendek kepada harga minyak, seperti pelancaran misil Korea Utara,[17] krisis antara Israel dan Lebanon,[18] pergolakan mengenai tenaga nuklear Iran,[19] dan "seratus faktor" lagi, termasuk subsidi minyak yang diberi kepada pengguna oleh negara-negara membangun seperti China dan India.[20]
Isi kandungan[sorok] |
[sunting] Punca
[sunting] Permintaan
Permintaan minyak mentah sedunia naik pada purata 1.76% setahun dari tahun 1994 hingga 2006, dengan pertumbuhan tertinggi 3.4% pada 2003-2004. Kenaikan permintaan adalah yang tertinggi di negara membangun.[21] Permintaan minyak sedunia dijangka naik 37% dari takat 2006 menjelang 2030, menurut laporan tahunan Pentadbiran Maklumat Tenaga (EIA) yang bertapak di Amerika Syarikat. Permintaan dijangka mencapai 118 juta tong sehari (18.8×106 m3/hari) dari 86 juta tong (13.7×106 m3) pada tahun 2006, dipacu terutamanya oleh sektor pengangkutan.[22][23][sunting] Nota
- ↑ "Harga Minyak Mentah BP". Department of Energy. http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/BPCrudeOilPrices.xls. Excel spreadsheet.
- ↑ "Oil reaches new record above $99", BBC, November 21, 2007. Dicapai pada 2007-11-29.
- ↑ Oil prices pushed to fresh high- http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7270392.stm
- ↑ David Goldman. "Oil crosses record $110, despite supply rise", CNN Money, March 12, 2008. Dicapai pada 2008-03-12. (English)
- ↑ John Wilen. "Gas Prices Near Records, Following Oil", Associated Press, Monday March 10, 3:50 pm. Dicapai pada 2008-03-10. (English)
- ↑ "Oil sets fresh record above $109", BBC News, March 11, 2008. Dicapai pada 2008-03-11. (English)
- ↑ bloomberg.com, Oil Is Little Changed After Falling as Investors Sell Contracts
- ↑ bloomberg.com, Oil Rises to Record Above $141 as Investors Buy Commodities
- ↑ Kenneth Musante. "Oil breaks new ground above $143", BBC, June 29, 2008. Dicapai pada 2008-06-29. (English)
- ↑ "What is driving oil prices so high?", BBC, November 5, 2007.
- ↑ {http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/f000000__3a.htm}
- ↑ Frank Langfitt. "Americans Using Less Gasoline", NPR, March 5, 2008. (English)
- ↑ Marianne Lavelle. "Oil Demand Is Dropping, but Prices Aren't", U.S.News & World Report, March 04, 2008. (English)
- ↑ "Record oil price sets the scene for $200 next year", AME, July 6 2006. Dicapai pada 2007-11-29.
- ↑ EnergyBulletin.net | Peak Oil News Clearinghouse
- ↑ The Hike in Oil Prices: Speculation -- But Not Manipulation
- ↑ Missile tension sends oil surging
- ↑ Oil hits $100 barrel, BBC News
- ↑ Iran nuclear fears fuel oil price, BBC News
- ↑ Gross, Daniel (2008-01-05). "Gas Bubble: Oil is at $100 per barrel. Get used to it.". Slate. http://www.slate.com/id/2181282/.
- ↑ "International Petroleum (Oil) Consumption Data". U.S. Energy Information Administration. http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/oilconsumption.html. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
- ↑ "World oil demand 'to rise by 37%'". BBC News. 2006-06-20. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5099400.stm.
- ↑ "2007 International Energy Outlook: Petroleum and other liquid fuels". U.S. Energy Information Administration. May 2007. http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/oil.html.
[sunting] Pautan luar dan sumber
- John V. Mitchell (Associate Fellow Chatham House, London): A New Era for Oil Prices; 32 Pages, August 2006
- Oil to $386.57 per Barrel! How derivatives drive oil prices up, despite ample supply in physical oil market, (9-Jun-06).
- Asia/Pacific: Scary Oil Andy Xie, MorganStanley economist for Asia, commenting on possibility that oil is financial bubble,(16-Jun-2005).
- Explanation of pricing mechanism in oil markets
- The real problems with $50 oil, An analysis by Henry C.K. Liu in Asia Times Online, details the economic impact of high oil prices.
- The Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas Newsletters
- Oil Prices and the Iraq War: Market Interpretations of Military Developments by U.S. Navy CCC
- Top Saudi Says Kingdom Has Plenty of Oil "261 billion barrels in reserve..."
- Graph of light crude oil price increase
- Oil Industry Combined Graph Graph of oil prices in relation to other fossil fuel prices.
- U.S. DOE EIA retail gasoline prices
- U.S. DOE EIA retail gasoline and diesel prices charts
- an Economist article about oil price inflation and concerns [1] (login required)
- World Bank article which states that US$90 per barrel is the equivalent of the 1980 oil shock (pdf file, page 18, 473kb)
- International Fuel Prices 2005 with diesel and gasoline prices of 172 countries
- EU Oil Bulletin Fuel prices in EU countries updated weekly, includes information on taxes and VAT.
http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenaikan_harga_minyak_semenjak_2003
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